
DNA Fragmentation microbiome and its impact on sperm function a
The semen microbiome and its impact on sperm function and male fertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Background: Male factor is attributable in up to 50% of cases of infertility. In-vitro studies demonstrate that bacteria can negatively impact sperm function. The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have provided a better understanding of the human microbiome, and dysbiosis has been reported to impact health. Evidence regarding the impact of the semen microbiome on sperm function and fertility remains conflicting.
Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. The databases MEDLINE, OVID and PubMed were searched to identify English language studies related to the identification of bacteria in the semen of infertile and fertile men, between 1992-2019. 55 observational studies were included, with 51299 subjects. We included studies identifying bacteria using NGS, culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: The semen microbiome (SM) was rich and diverse in both fertile and infertile men. Three NGS studies reported clustering of the seminal microbiome with a predominant species. Lactobacillus and Prevotella were dominant in respective clusters. Lactobacillus was associated with improvements in semen parameters.
- Prevotella appeared to exert a negative effect on sperm quality. Bacteriospermia negatively impacted sperm concentration and progressive motility (PM), and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) (MD 3.518,95%CI 0.907 to 6.129, p=0.008). There was an increased prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum(UU) in infertile men(OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.47-3.46). UU negatively impacted concentration and morphology.
- There was no difference in the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (CT) between fertile and infertile men and no significant impact on semen parameters. Enterococcus faecalis (EF) negatively impacted total motility and Mycoplasma hominis (MH) negatively impacted concentration, PM and morphology.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation: A New Guideline for Clinicians
Sperm DNA integrity is crucial for fertilization and development of healthy offspring. The spermatozoon undergoes extensive molecular remodeling of its nucleus during later phases of spermatogenesis, which imparts compaction and protects the genetic content.
Testicular (defective maturation and abortive apoptosis) and post-testicular (oxidative stress) mechanisms are implicated in the etiology of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), which affects both natural and assisted reproduction. Several clinical and environmental factors are known to negatively impact sperm DNA integrity.
An increasing number of reports emphasize the direct relationship between sperm DNA damage and male infertility. Currently, several assays are available to assess sperm DNA damage, however, routine assessment of SDF in clinical practice is not recommended by professional organizations.
This article provides an overview of SDF types, origin and comparative analysis of various SDF assays while primarily focusing on the clinical indications of SDF testing. Importantly, we report four clinical cases where SDF testing had played a significant role in improving fertility outcome. In light of these clinical case reports and recent scientific evidence, this review provides expert recommendations on SDF testing and examines the advantages and drawbacks of the clinical utility of SDF testing using Strength-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis.
Keywords: Assisted reproductive techniques outcome; Clinical guidelines; Infertility, male; Oxidative stress; Sperm DNA fragmentation

ProtoGlow ECL 200ml Kit |
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NAT1010 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 354 |
ProtoGlow ECL 500ml Kit |
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NAT1012 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 627.6 |
100G Acrylamide |
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GelDry Film 11 X 12 cm |
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1L DEPC Treated Water |
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Sterling Rapid Silver Stain Kit |
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25ML Nuclistain |
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450ML AcrylaGel 30% |
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1L AcrylaGel 30% |
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450ML Bis-AcrylaGel 2% |
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1L Bis-AcrylaGel 2% |
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450ML UreaGel 29:1 Concentrate |
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1L UreaGel 29:1 Concentrate |
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UreaGel 29:1 System 1L Kit |
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450ML SequaGel UreaGel Concentrate |
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100ML SequaGel Buffer |
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1L SequaGel UreaGel-8 |
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450ML SequaGel UreaGel Diluent |
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NAT1152 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 90 |
1L SequaGel UreaGel Diluent |
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NAT1154 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 103.2 |
90ML SequaGel Complete Buffer |
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NAT1156 | National Diagnostics | 90ML | EUR 79.2 |
200ML SequaGel UreaGel Complete Buffer |
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NAT1158 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 85.2 |
450ML SequaGel XR |
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100ML SequaGel XR Concentrate |
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450ML SequaGel XR Concentrate |
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200ML SequaGel MD Monomer Solution |
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SequaGel MD SSCP Kit |
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SequaGel MD Heteroduplex Kit |
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1.2ML SequaGel MD SSCP Stop Solution |
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450ML AccuGel 19:1 (30%) |
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NAT1176 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 126 |
1L AccuGel 19:1 (30%) |
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NAT1178 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 165.6 |
Discordance between human sperm quality and telomere length following differential gradient separation/swim-up
Background: Strong evidence has suggested an important role of telomeres in meiosis, fertilization, and embryo development.
Purpose: To determine if sperm telomere length (STL) in sperm purified by differential gradient centrifugation followed by swim-up (selected STL) is correlated with sperm quality and clinical outcomes.
Methods: Relative selected STL was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) in 78 consecutive assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments during 2017. Statistical analyses were performed in the totality of patients, and in normozoospermic and non-normozoospermic patients. These included correlations between selected STL and sperm quality parameters, embryological parameters (multivariable linear regression), and clinical parameters (multivariable logistic regression).
Results: No significant correlations were found between selected STL and sperm quality in the total population. However, selected STL was significantly correlated with total sperm count (r = 0.361; P = 0.039) and sperm DNA fragmentation-post-acrosomal region pattern (r = – 0.464; P = 0.030) in normozoospermic patients. No relation was observed between selected STL and clinical outcomes in any clinical group.
Conclusions: As the correlations observed in normozoospermic patients were not representative of the whole heterogeneous population, differences in the sperm characteristics of the study population may lead to discrepant results when evaluating the association of STL with sperm quality. Since the total population selected STL was not related with sperm quality and with clinical outcomes, results do not support the use of selected STL measurement to evaluate the reproductive potential of the male patient or to predict the success rates of ART treatments.
Keywords: Assisted reproduction; Infertility biomarkers; Male infertility; Sperm telomere length
Dnalc4 ORF Vector (Mouse) (pORF) |
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ORF043215 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 607.2 |
Dnalc4 3'UTR GFP Stable Cell Line |
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TU155288 | ABM | 1.0 ml | Ask for price |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector set (Mouse) |
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K4997501 | ABM | 3 x 1.0 ug | EUR 406.8 |
Dnalc4 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-HA) |
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PV172860 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc4 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-C-His) |
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PV172858 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc4 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-N-His) |
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PV172859 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc4 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-His) |
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PV172861 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc4 3'UTR Luciferase Stable Cell Line |
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TU105288 | ABM | 1.0 ml | Ask for price |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 1) |
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K4997502 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 184.8 |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 2) |
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K4997503 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 184.8 |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 3) |
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K4997504 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 184.8 |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector set (Mouse) |
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K4997505 | ABM | 3 x 1.0 ug | EUR 451.2 |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 1) |
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K4997506 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 200.4 |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 2) |
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K4997507 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 200.4 |
Dnalc4 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 3) |
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K4997508 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 200.4 |
Dnalc1 ORF Vector (Mouse) (pORF) |
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ORF043214 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 607.2 |
Dnalc1 3'UTR GFP Stable Cell Line |
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TU155287 | ABM | 1.0 ml | Ask for price |
Dnalc1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-HA) |
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PV172856 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-C-His) |
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PV172854 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-N-His) |
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PV172855 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-His) |
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PV172857 | ABM | 500 ng | EUR 723.6 |
Dnalc1 Recombinant Protein (Mouse) |
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RP129638 | ABM | 100 ug | Ask for price |
Dnalc1 3'UTR Luciferase Stable Cell Line |
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TU105287 | ABM | 1.0 ml | Ask for price |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector set (Mouse) |
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K4077601 | ABM | 3 x 1.0 ug | EUR 406.8 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 1) |
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K4077602 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 184.8 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 2) |
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K4077603 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 184.8 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 3) |
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K4077604 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 184.8 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector set (Mouse) |
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K4077605 | ABM | 3 x 1.0 ug | EUR 451.2 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 1) |
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K4077606 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 200.4 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 2) |
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K4077607 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 200.4 |
Dnalc1 sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 All-in-One Lentivector (Mouse) (Target 3) |
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K4077608 | ABM | 1.0 ug DNA | EUR 200.4 |
DNAL1 antibody |
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10R-10242 | Fitzgerald | 50 ul | EUR 262.8 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal DNAL1 antibody |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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24729-100ul | SAB | 100ul | EUR 468 |
DNAL1 antibody |
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70R-10420 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 560.4 |
Description: Affinity purified rabbit polyclonal DNAL1 antibody |
DNAL1 antibody |
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70R-16893 | Fitzgerald | 50 ul | EUR 522 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNAL1 antibody |
DNAL4 antibody |
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70R-16894 | Fitzgerald | 50 ul | EUR 522 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNAL4 antibody |
DNAL4 antibody |
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70R-36444 | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | EUR 392.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNAL4 antibody |
DNAL1 antibody |
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70R-36965 | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | EUR 392.4 |
Description: Rabbit Polyclonal DNAL1 antibody |
DNAL1 antibody |
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70R-51123 | Fitzgerald | 100 ul | EUR 292.8 |
Description: Purified Polyclonal DNAL1 antibody |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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34660-100ul | SAB | 100ul | EUR 302.4 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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34660-50ul | SAB | 50ul | EUR 224.4 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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4733-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 206.18 |
Description: DNAL1 Antibody: DNAL1 was identified as a potential candidate gene for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterologous disorder characterized by chronic infections of the upper and lower airways that often leads to permanent lung damage, randomization of left/right body symmetry, and reduced fertility. DNAL1 is reported to be expressed solely in tissues carrying motile cilia for flagella and interacts with DNAH5, a protein that when mutated has been shown to result in PCD. It has been suggested that DNAL1 serves a regulatory function for DNAH5 activity in outer dynein arms of sperm flagella, respiratory cilia, and ependymal cilia. DNAL1 has also been recently identified as an HIV dependency factor (HDF), suggesting that DNAL1 may be an important drug target in HIV treatment. At least two isoforms of DNAL1 are known to exist. |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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4733-01mg | ProSci | 0.1 mg | EUR 523.7 |
Description: DNAL1 Antibody: DNAL1 was identified as a potential candidate gene for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterologous disorder characterized by chronic infections of the upper and lower airways that often leads to permanent lung damage, randomization of left/right body symmetry, and reduced fertility. DNAL1 is reported to be expressed solely in tissues carrying motile cilia for flagella and interacts with DNAH5, a protein that when mutated has been shown to result in PCD. It has been suggested that DNAL1 serves a regulatory function for DNAH5 activity in outer dynein arms of sperm flagella, respiratory cilia, and ependymal cilia. DNAL1 has also been recently identified as an HIV dependency factor (HDF), suggesting that DNAL1 may be an important drug target in HIV treatment. At least two isoforms of DNAL1 are known to exist. |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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45946-100ul | SAB | 100ul | EUR 302.4 |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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45946-50ul | SAB | 50ul | EUR 224.4 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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ABD4014 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | EUR 525.6 |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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ABD9470 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | EUR 525.6 |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA006388 | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL4. Recognizes DNAL4 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: IHC, ELISA;IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/40000 |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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DF9470 | Affbiotech | 200ul | EUR 420 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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DF4014 | Affbiotech | 200ul | EUR 420 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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CSB-PA568072- | Cusabio | each | EUR 402 |
Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL1. Recognizes DNAL1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:3000 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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CSB-PA568072-100ul | Cusabio | 100ul | EUR 379.2 |
Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL1. Recognizes DNAL1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:3000 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA683815ESR1HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL1. Recognizes DNAL1 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC; Recommended dilution: WB:1:200-1:1000, IHC:1:20-1:200 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA002222 | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL1. Recognizes DNAL1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/40000 |
DNAL1 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA007045GA01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL1. Recognizes DNAL1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA007046GA01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL4. Recognizes DNAL4 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB |
DNAL4 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA007046LA01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL4. Recognizes DNAL4 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:20-1:200, IF:1:50-1:200 |
anti- DNAL1 antibody |
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FNab02471 | FN Test | 100µg | EUR 658.5 |
Description: Antibody raised against DNAL1 |
anti- DNAL4 antibody |
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FNab02472 | FN Test | 100µg | EUR 658.5 |
Description: Antibody raised against DNAL4 |
DNA2L Antibody |
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20-abx149874 | Abbexa |
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DNA2L antibody |
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70R-4613 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 560.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNA2L antibody raised against the middle region of Dna2L |
DNA2L Antibody |
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45931-100ul | SAB | 100ul | EUR 302.4 |
DNA2L Antibody |
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45931-50ul | SAB | 50ul | EUR 224.4 |
DNA2L Antibody |
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ABD9453 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | EUR 525.6 |
DNA2L Antibody |
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DF9453 | Affbiotech | 200ul | EUR 420 |
Polyclonal DNAL1 Antibody |
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APR15787G | Leading Biology | 0.1 mg | EUR 790.8 |
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human DNAL1 . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications: |
DNAL4 Conjugated Antibody |
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C45946 | SAB | 100ul | EUR 476.4 |
DNAL1 Conjugated Antibody |
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C34660 | SAB | 100ul | EUR 476.4 |
DNAL4 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A72394 | EpiGentek |
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DNAL4 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A62422 | EpiGentek |
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DNALI1 antibody |
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43480-100ul | SAB | 100ul | EUR 302.4 |
DNALI1 antibody |
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43480-50ul | SAB | 50ul | EUR 224.4 |
DNALI1 antibody |
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70R-16895 | Fitzgerald | 50 ul | EUR 522 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNALI1 antibody |
DNALI1 antibody |
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70R-3228 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 560.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNALI1 antibody raised against the C terminal of DNALI1 |
DNALI1 antibody |
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70R-3315 | Fitzgerald | 50 ug | EUR 560.4 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal DNALI1 antibody raised against the N terminal of DNALI1 |
DNALI1 Antibody |
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DF14117 | Affbiotech | 100ul | EUR 420 |
DNALI1 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA007047GA01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNALI1. Recognizes DNALI1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB |
DNALI1 Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA007047LA01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNALI1. Recognizes DNALI1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:20-1:200, IF:1:50-1:200 |
DNAL4 Antibody, HRP conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA007046LB01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL4. Recognizes DNAL4 from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
DNAL4 Antibody, FITC conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA007046LC01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL4. Recognizes DNAL4 from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
DNAL4 Antibody, Biotin conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA007046LD01HU | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against DNAL4. Recognizes DNAL4 from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
anti- DNALI1 antibody |
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FNab02473 | FN Test | 100µg | EUR 658.5 |
Description: Antibody raised against DNALI1 |
Monoclonal DNAL4 Antibody, Clone: 3B7B7 |
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APR15791G | Leading Biology | 0.1ml | EUR 580.8 |
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DNAL4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 3B7B7. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, E |
Monoclonal DNAL4 Antibody, Clone: 3B7B7 |
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APR15792G | Leading Biology | 0.1ml | EUR 580.8 |
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DNAL4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 3B7B7. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, E |
DNA2L Conjugated Antibody |
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C45931 | SAB | 100ul | EUR 476.4 |
Polyclonal DNAL1 Antibody (C-Terminus) |
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APR15788G | Leading Biology | 0.05mg | EUR 580.8 |
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human DNAL1 (C-Terminus). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications: |